TOOTH POLISHING is done to smooth the surfaces of teeth and restorations. The purpose of polishing is to remove extrinsic stains, remove dental plaque accumulation, increase aesthetics and to reduce corrosion of metallic restorations. Tooth polishing has little therapeutic value and is usually done as a cosmetic procedure after debridement and before fluoride application. Common practice is to use a prophy cup —a small motorized rubber cup—along with an abrasive polishing compound.
Polishing Paste
Polishing paste contains abrasives that vary in size, shape, and hardness. Based on these variants, pastes are available in fine, medium, coarse and super-coarse grits. There are also various flavours of prophylactic paste available. Some prophylactic pastes contain fluoride to aid in the remineralization of the enamel surface and others help reduce dentinal sensitivity.
Rubber cup
Rubber cups, also called prophy cups, are used in the hand-piece. Polishing paste, prophylactic paste, usually containing fluoride, is used with the rubber cups for polishing. Rubber cups should not be used over the cementum area as it may remove a layer of cementum at the cervical area. Risk of generating frictional heat, and increased abrasion to the tooth surface may result from increased contact time, increased speed of rotation, and increased pressure of the cup on the tooth. Short intermittent strokes should be used in order to avoid damage.
Bristle brush
Bristle brushes are used in the prophylaxis angle with a polishing paste. The use of the brush should be confined to the crown to avoid injury to the gingiva and cementum.
evidence suggest that prophylactic polishing is only necessary when extrinsic stain is present on the tooth surface. This suggests that tooth polishing should be based on the clients individual needs. Previously, tooth polishing was a service provided at every hygiene appointment, due to this many patients expect this as part of the routine care. This has placed dental professionals into an ethical dilemma on whether or not this service should be provided.
Extrinsic Stain
Many factors may lead to discoloration of the external layer of the tooth called the enamel. Foods and beverages such as coffee, tea, and red wine can stain the enamel. Chromogenic bacteria found in plaque that is left behind due to poor oral hygiene can also cause staining. Other external factors that can lead to extrinsic staining are smoking, some antimicrobial rinses, and environmental working conditions where there is exposure to metallic dust. In most circumstances this stain can be removed by prophylactic polishing.
Adverse Effect
This outermost fluoride rich layer of enamel is removed when tooth polishing is provided. The mineral components of saliva and polishing pastes containing fluoride can assist in remineralizing this outer layer. The enamel surface is strong enough to withstand repeated tooth polishing, but it should be avoided on newly erupted teeth, exposed root surfaces and areas of demineralization. If polishing does occur on these surfaces, fluoride therapy can minimize the risk of dental caries. Excessive pressure can lead to frictional heat that may cause pulpal discomfort or necrosis of the dental pulp.
Restorations
Surfaces of restorations may be damaged by conventional tooth polishing with prophylactic paste. Materials such as gold, amalgam, composite, porcelain and titanium implants can be polished by using specifically designed pastes such as those that contain rouge, tripoli, cuttle, emery, coarse pumice to prevent roughened or scratched surfaces. It is important to refer to manufacturer’s directions before using any product on dental restorations. Trauma to soft tissues may result from improper technique or prior inflammation of tissues. Particles within the prophylactic paste can go below the gum line and cause inflammation or delayed healing.
Environment
Aerosols are produced during tooth polishing and may transmit infectious diseases to other people in the dental office. This can become problematic because some microorganisms remain in the air for an extended period of time and can contaminate hard surfaces. Occupational injuries are also possible for the clinician due to improper technique, ergonomics and the weight of the handpiece.
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Precautions
There are a number of precautions that clinicians should be aware of when deciding if tooth polishing is indicated. Precautions include; teeth without existing stain, newly erupted teeth, tooth decalcification, hypo-calcification, hypoplasia, demineralization, rampant caries. Areas with exposed root surfaces should also be avoided as well as, areas with tooth sensitivity and gingival inflammation. Tooth polishing should also be avoided in the case of allergies and communicable diseases.
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